New HOWTO: Linux Partition HOWTO - page 6

Table of Contents

5. Partitioning with fdisk

5.1. Partitioning with fdisk

This section shows you how to actually partition your hard drive with the 
fdisk utility. Linux allows only 4 primary partitions. You can have a much
larger number of logical partitions by sub-dividing one of the primary
partitions. Only one of the primary partitions can be sub-divided.

Examples:

 1. Four primary partitions (Section 5.1.2)
   
 2. Mixed primary and logical partitions (Section 5.1.3)
   

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5.1.1. Notes about fdisk:

fdisk is started by typing (as root) fdisk device at the command prompt.
"device" (Section 2.1.1) might be something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda. The
basic fdisk commands you need are:

p
    print the partition table
   
n
    create a new partition
   
d
    delete a partition
   
q
    quit without saving changes
   
w
    write the new partition table and exit
   

 

Changes you make to the partition table do not take effect until you issue
the write (w) command. Here is a sample partition table:
Disk /dev/hdb: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders                           
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes                                        
                                                                             
   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System                     
/dev/hdb1   *         1       184    370912+  83  Linux                      
/dev/hdb2           185       368    370944   83  Linux                      
/dev/hdb3           369       552    370944   83  Linux                      
/dev/hdb4           553       621    139104   82  Linux swap                 
The first line shows the geometry of your hard drive. It may not be
physically accurate, but you can accept it as though it were. The hard drive
in this example is made of 32 double-sided platters with one head on each
side (probably not true). Each platter has 621 concentric tracks. A
3-dimensional track (the same track on all disks) is called a cylinder. Each
track is divided into 63 sectors. Each sector contains 512 bytes of data.
Therefore the block size in the partition table is 64 heads * 63 sectors *
512 bytes er...divided by 1024. (See 4 for discussion on problems with this
calculation.)

The start and end values are cylinders. The first cylinder (0) is reserved
for information about the drive layout.
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5.1.2. Four primary partitions

The overview:Decide on the size (Section 4.4.1) of your swap space and where
(Section 4.4.2) it ought to go. Divide up the remaining space for the three
other partitions.

Example:

I start fdisk from the shell prompt:
# fdisk /dev/hdb                                                             
which indicates that I am using the second drive on my IDE controller. (See 
Section 2.1.) Now I need to plan my layout. In this example, I want to use
only primary partitions for my linux partitions and my swap space. When I
print the (empty) partition table, I just get configuration information.
Command (m for help): p                                                      
                                                                             
Disk /dev/hdb: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders                           
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes                                        
I knew that I had a 1.2Gb drive, but now I really know: 64 * 63 * 512 * 621 =
1281982464 bytes. I decide to reserve 128Mb of that space for swap, leaving
1153982464. If I use one of my primary partitions for swap, that means I have
three left for ext2 partitions. Divided equally, that makes for 384Mb per
partition. Now I get to work.
Command (m for help): n                                                      
Command action                                                               
   e   extended                                                              
   p   primary partition (1-4)                                               
p                                                                            
Partition number (1-4): 1                                                    
First cylinder (1-621, default 1):                                   
Using default value 1                                                        
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-621, default 621): +384M       
Next, I set up the partition I want to use for swap:
Command (m for help): n                                                      
Command action                                                               
   e   extended                                                              
   p   primary partition (1-4)                                               
p                                                                            
Partition number (1-4): 2                                                    
First cylinder (197-621, default 197):                               
Using default value 197                                                      
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (197-621, default 621): +128M     
Now the partition table looks like this:
   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System                     
/dev/hdb1             1       196    395104   83  Linux                      
/dev/hdb2           197       262    133056   83  Linux                      
I set up the remaining two partitions the same way I did the first. Finally,
I make the first partition bootable:
Command (m for help): a                                                      
Partition number (1-4): 1                                                    
And I make the second partition of type swap:
Command (m for help): t                                                      
Partition number (1-4): 2                                                    
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82                                          
Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap)                        
Command (m for help): p                                                      
The end result:
Disk /dev/hdb: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders                           
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes                                        
                                                                             
   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System                     
/dev/hdb1   *         1       196    395104+  83  Linux                      
/dev/hdb2           197       262    133056   82  Linux swap                 
/dev/hdb3           263       458    395136   83  Linux                      
/dev/hdb4           459       621    328608   83  Linux                      
Finally, I issue the write command (w) to write the table on the disk.

For more information, see:

  * Section 7.1
   
  * Section 7
   
  * Section 7.2
   

 
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5.1.3. Mixed primary and logical partitions

The overview: create one use one of the primary partitions to house all the
extra partitions. Then create logical partitions within it. Create the other
primary partitions before or after creating the logical partitions.

Example:

I start fdisk from the shell prompt:
# fdisk /dev/sda                                                             
which indicates that I am using the first drive on my SCSI chain. (See 
Section 2.1.)

First I figure out how many partitions I want. I know my drive has a 183Gb
capacity and I want 26Gb partitions (because I happen to have back-up tapes
that are about that size).

183Gb / 26Gb = ~7

so I will need 7 partitions. Even though fdisk accepts partition sizes
expressed in Mb and Kb, I decide to calculate the number of cylinders that
will end up in each partition because fdisk reports start and stop points in
cylinders. I see when I enter fdisk that I have 22800 cylinders.
> The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 22800.  There is           
> nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in        
> certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot          
> time (e.g., LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other          
> OSs  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)                                         
So, 22800 total cylinders divided by seven partitions is 3258 cylinders. Each
partition will be about 3258 cylinders long. I ignore the warning msg because
this is not my boot drive (Section 4).

Since I have 4 primary partitions, 3 of them can be 3258 long. The extended
partition will have to be (4 * 3258), or 13032, cylinders long in order to
contain the 4 logical partitions.

I enter the following commands to set up the first of the 3 primary
partitions (stuff I type is bold ):
Command (m for help): n                                                      
Command action                                                               
   e   extended                                                              
   p   primary partition (1-4)                                               
p                                                                            
Partition number (1-4): 1                                                    
First cylinder (1-22800, default 1):                                 
Using default value 1                                                        
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-22800, default 22800): 13032   
The last partition is the extended partition:
Partition number (1-4): 4                                                        
First cylinder (9775-22800, default 9775):                               
Using default value 9775                                                         
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (9775-22800, default 22800):  
Using default value 22800                                                        
The result, when I issue the print table command is:
/dev/sda1             1      3258  26169853+  83  Linux                      
/dev/sda2          3259      6516  26169885   83  Linux                      
/dev/sda3          6517      9774  26169885   83  Linux                      
/dev/sda4          9775     22800 104631345    5  Extended                   
Next I segment the extended partition into 4 logical partitions, starting
with the first logical partition, into 3258-cylinder segments. The logical
partitions automatically start from /dev/sda5.
Command (m for help):  n                                                     
First cylinder (9775-22800, default 9775):                           
Using default value 9775                                                     
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (9775-22800, default 22800): 13032
The end result is:
   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System                     
/dev/sda1             1      3258  26169853+  83  Linux                      
/dev/sda2          3259      6516  26169885   83  Linux                      
/dev/sda3          6517      9774  26169885   83  Linux                      
/dev/sda4          9775     22800 104631345    5  Extended                   
/dev/sda5          9775     13032  26169853+  83  Linux                      
/dev/sda6         13033     16290  26169853+  83  Linux                      
/dev/sda7         16291     19584  26459023+  83  Linux                      
/dev/sda8         19585     22800  25832488+  83  Linux                      
Finally, I issue the write command (w) to write the table on the disk. To
make the partitions usable, I will have to format (Section 7) each partition
and then mount (Section 7.2) it.
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5.1.4. Submitted Examples

I'd like to submit my partition layout, because it works well with any
distribution of Linux (even big RPM based ones). I have one hard drive that
... is 10 gigs, exactly. Windows can't see above 9.3 gigs of it, but Linux
can see it all, and use it all. It also has much more than 1024 cylenders.


Table 3. Partition layout example
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|Partition          |Mount point         |Size               |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda1          |/boot               |(15 megs)          |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda2          |windows 98 partition|(2 gigs)           |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda3          |extended            |(N/A)              |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda5          |swap space          |(64 megs)          |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda6          |/tmp                |(50 megs)          |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda7          |/                   |(150 megs)         |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda8          |/usr                |(1.5 gigs)         |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
|/dev/hda9          |/home               |(rest of drive)    |
+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+
I test new kernels for the USB mass storage, so that explains the large /boot
partition. I install LILO into the MBR, and by default I boot windows (I'm
not the only one to use this computer).

I also noticed that you don't have any REAL examples of partition tables, and
for newbies I HIGHLY suggest putting quite a few up. I'm freshly out of the
newbie stage, and partitioning was what messed me up the most.

[mailto:valkor@qx.net] Valkor
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